Bongata ba Beng ba Liphoofolo ba Fepa Liphoofolo Tsa Bona tsa Khoebo Lijo tsa Liphoofolo.Hobane Lijo tsa Liphoofolo tse rekisoang li na le melemo ea phepo e nepahetseng le e ruileng, ho ja hamonate joalo-joalo.Ho ea ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea ho sebetsana le mekhoa le metsi, lijo tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng li ka aroloa ka lijo tse omileng tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, lijo tsa semi-moist le lijo tse ka makotikoting;Ho ea ka Texture, Lijo tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng li ka aroloa ka lijo tse tsoakiloeng, tse bonolo le tse omileng.Ka linako tse ling ho thata ho fetola mokhoa oa ho ja ha phoofolo ea lapeng, le haeba lijo tse ncha tse fuoang phoofolo ea lapeng li na le phepo e nepahetseng 'me li kopana le litlhoko.
Lijo tse omileng tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ka kakaretso li na le 10% ho isa ho 12% ea metsi.Lijo tse omileng li boetse li kenyelletsa lijo tse halikiloeng tsa phofo, lijo tsa granule, lijo tse halikiloeng, lijo tse halikiloeng le lijo tse halikiloeng, tseo har'a tsona tse tloaelehileng le tse tsebahalang haholo ke lijo tse halikiloeng.Lijo tse omileng tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng li entsoe haholo ka lijo-thollo, lihlahisoa tsa lijo-thollo, lihlahisoa tsa soya, lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo, lihlahisoa tsa liphoofolo (ho kenyeletsoa le lihlahisoa tsa lebese), mafura, livithamine le liminerale.Lijo tse omileng tsa Cat hangata li atolosoa.Likatse ha li na Seretse, Kahoo Pellets ea Lijo tsa Katse e tlameha ho bōptjoa 'me e be boholo bo lekaneng bakeng sa ho seha ka li-incisor ho e-na le ho sila ka li-molars,' me ts'ebetso ea extrusion e loketse ho phethahatsa Tlhoko ena e Khethehileng (Rokey And Huber, 1994) (Nrc 2006).
Lijo tse Omileng tse Khabisitsoeng
01: Molao-motheo oa Katoloso ea Extrusion
Ts'ebetso ea ho Puffing ke ho Kopanya Liphoofolo tse fapaneng ho ea ka Foromo e Khethiloeng, ebe o kenella ka tlas'a mocheso o phahameng le khatello e phahameng ka mor'a ho tsofala, 'me joale lefu le le ka ntle ho kamore ea extrusion ka tšohanyetso le theoha ka mocheso le khatello ea maikutlo. Likaroloana tsa Sehlahisoa Ho Atoloha ka Potlako.'Me U Khaole ka Sebopeho se Hlokehang sa Dimensional tse tharo ka Sehahi.
The Puffing Process ka aroloa ka Dry Puffing le Metsi Puffing Ho ea ka palo ea Metsi Added;Ho ea ka Molao-motheo oa ho sebetsa, e ka aroloa ka Extrusion Puffing le Gas Hot-Press Puffing.Extrusion le Puffing ke Ts'ebetso ea ho beha maemo le ho futhumatsa lisebelisoa, ho tsoela pele ka khatello e tsoelang pele, ho fokotsa khatello ea tšohanyetso, le ho atolosoa ha molumo.
Hajoale, Boholo ba Lijo tsa Ntja tse rekisoang 'marakeng li hlahisoa ke Extrusion le Puffing.Ts'ebetso ea Extrusion le Ho Puffing e ka Etsa Hore Starch ka Lijong e Fihlelle Boemong bo Loketseng ba Gelatinization, E le ho Ntlafatsa Tšimoloho ea Starch ka Liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng (Mercier And Feillit, 1975) (Nrc 2006).
02: Ts'ebetso ea Extrusion le Puffing
Mokhoa oa Mokhoa o Tloaelehileng oa Sejoale-joale oa Extrusion ke ho Phetla Liphoofotsoana Tse Fapaneng ka ho Eketsa Mouoane le Metsi ho Bohale le ho halefa, e le hore lisebelisuoa li be bonolo, starch e kenngoe ka gelatin, 'me protheine e boetse e kenngoe.Ts'ebetsong ea Tlhahiso ea Lijo tsa Pet, Slurry ea Nama, Molasses le Lintho Tse Ling Ka linako tse ling li Eketsoa ho Ntlafatsa ho Rata.
Conditioner Ke Sesebelisuoa sa Conditioning se atisang ho sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea Pellet Feed.Mouoane Conditioning Ke Ntho ea Bohlokoa ka ho Fetisisa Ts'ebetsong ea Pelleting, 'me Chelete ea Mouoane e Ekelitsoeng e ipapisitse le Likahare tsa Metsi a Tlantsoeng le Mofuta oa Phepo.Ha ho etsoa boemo, hoa hlokahala hore thepa le mouoane oa metsi li be le nako e telele e lekaneng ea ho lula ka har'a Conditioner, e le hore metsi a kenelle ka botlalo ka har'a thepa.Haeba nako e le khutšoanyane haholo, metsi a ke ke a phunyeletsa ka har'a thepa, empa a lula feela holim'a metsi ka mokhoa oa metsi a mahala.Ha e Lokelle Ts'ebetsong ea Mekhoa e Latelang.
Steam Conditioning e na le melemo e mengata:
① Fokotsa ho ferekana 'me u lelefatse bophelo ba ho hatisa filimi.Ha a halefile, metsi a ka kenella ka har'a thepa, 'me metsi a ka sebelisoa e le setlolo ho fokotsa likhohlano lipakeng tsa thepa le filimi e hatellang, kahoo a fokotsa tahlehelo ea filimi e hatellang le ho lelefatsa bophelo ba ts'ebeletso.
② Ntlafatsa Bokhoni ba Tlhahiso.Haeba Mongobo oa Mongobo o Tlase Haholo Nakong ea Extrusion, Viscosity Pakeng tsa Likarolo Tse Fapaneng tsa Lintho e Tla ba Bofutsana, 'me Bokhoni ba ho Bopa bo Tla boela bo Fosehe.Ho eketsa Mongobo oa Mongobo ho ka Eketsa Bokhoni ba Tlhahiso ea Li-pellets ka Haholo, 'me Ha Phello e le Molemo, Bokhoni ba Tlhahiso bo ka Eketsoa ka 30%.
③ Fokotsa Tšebeliso ea Matla.Ha Mongobo oa Mongobo o le Tlase, Tšebeliso ea Matla a Ho Fetisisa ka Morao le Mekhoa e Meng ea Eketseha, 'me Palo ea Ts'ebetso e ka Fokotsoa ha Lijo tse Tšoanang li Hlahisoa Ka mor'a Boemo ba Mouoane, Ka hona ho Fokotsa Tšebeliso ea Matla.
④ Ntlafatsa Boleng ba Karolo.Ho laola palo ea mouoane oa metsi o ekelitsoeng ho latela lisebelisoa tse fapaneng tse tala nakong ea ho futhumatsa ho ka ntlafatsa boleng ba li-granules.
⑤ Ntlafatsa Tšireletseho ea Lijo.Nakong ea Ts'ebetso ea Boemo ba Mouoane, Mouoane o Ekelitsoeng ka Mocheso o Phahameng o ka Bolaea Likokoana-hloko tse sa tšoaneng tsa Pathogenic tse Fupereng Lisebelisuoa tse sa tšoaneng tsa Lijo le ho Ntlafatsa Tšireletseho ea Lijo.
Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea phofo ka mor'a ho hloekisoa e romelloa ka ho toba ka kamoreng ea extruder, le mouoane o eketsehileng, metsi, 'me ka linako tse ling lijo-thollo tsa phofshoana ea phofshoana, nama ea nama, joalo-joalo lia eketsoa.The Extrusion Chamber ke Karolo ea Konokono ea Sisteme ea Extrusion, 'me Boholo ba Mesebetsi ea Sisteme E Felletseng e Phethiloe ke Karolo Ena.E na le Screw, Sleeve And Die Etc. Karolo Ena E Tla Hlalosa Hore na Extruder E Tla ba Sekheo Se le Mong Kapa Sefahla, Haeba E na le Li-Shafts Tse peli tse Parallel E Tla ba Twin Screw Extruder, Haeba E na le E le 'Ngoe Feela E Tla ba Screw E le 'Ngoe. Extruder.Mosebetsi o ka sehloohong oa karolo ena ke ho kopanya le ho pheha metsoako, 'me e ka tlatsoa ka metsi kapa khase ho latela maemo a sebele.Kamore ea Extrusion e arotsoe ka Karolo ea Phepelo, Karolo ea Ho Kopanya le Karolo ea ho Pheha.Karolo ea ho Kopanya Ke Monyako Moo Phofo e Halefileng e Kenang ka Phaposing ea Extrusion, 'me Boima ba Thepa e tala bo tlaase haholo ka nako ena;Ha Khatello ea ka Hare ea Karolo ea ho Kopanya E Eketseha, Boima ba Thepa e tala le bona butle-butle boa eketseha, 'me mocheso le khatello ea karolo ea ho pheha lia eketseha haholo.Sebopeho sa Raw Material se ile sa qala ho fetoha.Khohlano Pakeng tsa Powder le Lebota la Moqomo, Screw, le Powder e ntse e hola le ho hola, 'me mefuta e fapaneng ea phofshoana e a phehoa le ho holisoa ka tlas'a litlamorao tse kopaneng tsa ho hohlana, matla a ho kuta le ho futhumatsa.Thempereichara ka Phaposing ea Extrusion e ka etsa hore ho be le gelatin ka bongata ba starch le ho etsa hore boholo ba likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic li se ke tsa sebetsa.
Baetsi ba Bang ba Lijo tsa Liphoofolo Hajoale ba Eketsa Nama Slurry ho Mokhoa oa Extrusion, e lumellang nama e ncha hore e sebelisoe lijong tsa ho pheha ho e-na le nama e omileng e le 'ngoe.Ka lebaka la Mongobo o Phahameng oa Nama e sa Alaoeng, Sena se lumella Keketseho ea Karolo ea Lintho tsa Liphoofolo ka Sebopeho sa Lijo.Ho Eketsa Likahare Tsa Nama E Ncha Bonyane Ho Fa Batho Boikutlo ba Boleng bo Phahameng.
Mokhoa oa Extrusion o na le melemo e mengata:
① Thempereichara e Holimo le Khatello e Phahameng e Hlahisoang Ts'ebetsong ea Extrusion e ka Nkoafatsa ka Hantle;
② E ka Eketsa Katoloso ea Setache ka Haholo.Ho na le Bopaki ba Hore The Extrusion Process Ka Etsa Hore Katoloso Degree Of Starch Fihle Ho Feta 90%, Kahoo Digestibility Of Starch Ka Liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng Hape Haholo Ntlafatsoa;
③ Liprotheine tse fapaneng tse fumanehang ka har'a lisebelisoa tse tala li entsoe ho Ntlafatsa ts'oaetso ea protheine;
④ Tlosa Lintho tse fapaneng tse khahlanong le phepo e nepahetseng linthong tsa phepo, joalo ka Antitrypsin ka har'a Soya.
Ho na le Lefu ha U Tsoa Extruder, 'me Ha Thepa e Atolositsoeng ea Raw e Feta ka Lefing, Molumo o Atoloha ka potlako ka lebaka la ho theoha ha Mocheso le Khatello ea tšohanyetso.Ka ho Fetola Li-Die Holes, Baetsi ba Lijo tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ba ka hlahisa lijo tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ka mefuta e mengata ea libopeho, boholo le mebala.Bokhoni bona ba ho kopanya bo bohlokoa haholo ha 'maraka o ntse o fetoha, empa ha ho letho le ka fetohang ho latela maemo a ho kopana le phepo e nepahetseng ea lijo tsa lapeng.
Sehlahisoa se Puffed se Khaotsoe ka Li-Granules tsa Bolelele bo itseng ke Rotary Cutter.Cutter e na le li-blades tse 1 ho isa ho tse 6.E le ho Fetola Lebelo la Tsona la ho Potoloha, Hangata Sehahi se Tsamauoa ke Enjene e Nyenyane e le Mong.
Mafura a Lijo tsa Liphoofolo tse Omeletseng a Feta ho tloha ho 6% ho ea ho tse fetang 25%.Leha ho le joalo, Mafura a Phahameng haholo a ke ke a Eketsoa Ts'ebetsong ea Extrusion, Hobane Mocheso o Phahameng le Khatello e Phahameng ea Ts'ebetso ea Extrusion e Tla Ama Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Hape E Ama Extrusion Le Molding ea Lijo.Ka hona, mokhoa oa ho fafatsa mafura holim'a sefahleho ka mor'a ho butsoa hangata o sebelisoa ho eketsa mafura a sehlahisoa.Mafura a Chesang a Fafalitsoeng ka holim'a Lijo tse Hafiloeng a Monyeha Habonolo.Chelete ea Ente ea Mafura e ka Fetoha ka ho Fetola Lebelo la Tlhahiso le Lebelo la Keketso ea Mafura, Empa Mokhoa ona o na le Liphoso tse kholo.Haufinyane tjena, Mokhoa oa Taolo o ka Lokisang Chelete ea Keketso ea Mafura e entsoe.Sistimi ena e kenyelletsa Sistimi ea Taolo ea Lebelo le Sistimi e Ntle ea Ente ea Oli ea Khatello e Ntle, Phoso ea Eona e Kahare ho 10%.Ha u fafatsa, hoa hlokahala hore mafura a fihle ho feta 5%, ho seng joalo a ke ke a fafatsoa ka ho lekana.Ho Tloaelehile Ho Fafatsa Lijo Tsa Liprotheine Le / Kapa Litatso Ka holim'a Lijo Tsa Liphoofolo Ho Matlafatsa Kamohelo ea Lijo tsa Liphoofolo (Corbin, 2000) (Nrc2006).
Ka mor'a hore Extrusion le Puffing e phethoe, e hloka ho omisoa ho tlosa mouoane le metsi a kentsoeng nakong ea ts'ebetso ea extrusion.Ka kakaretso, mongobo o ka har'a lijo o ka fihla ho 22% ho isa ho 28% nakong ea ts'ebetso, 'me ka mor'a ho sebetsa, o hloka ho omisoa ho etsa hore mongobo o fihle ho 10% ho isa ho 12% ho ikamahanya le bophelo ba sethala sa sehlahisoa.Mokhoa oa ho omisa ka kakaretso o phetheloa ke mochini o omisang o tsoelang pele o nang le Cooler e arohaneng kapa motsoako oa Dryer le Cooler.Ntle le ho omisa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, lijo tse fetisitsoeng tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng li ka ba mpe, ka lithunthung tsa likokoana-hloko le kholo ea fungal ka sekhahla se tšosang.Bongata ba Likokoana-hloko tsena li ka Kulisa Likatse le Lintja, Ka mohlala, Esita le Chefo e Nyane e Hlahisoang ke Mould ka mokotleng oa Lijo tsa Ntja e ka Ama Lintja.Tekanyo e Tlwaelehileng e Sebediswang Ya Palo ya Metsi a Mahala Sejong sa Diphoofolo ke Lethathamo la Ts'ebetso ea Metsi, e hlalosoang e le Karo-karolelano ea Khatello ea Metsi ea Lehae le Khatello ea Mouoane Bokaholimong ba Lijo tsa Pet ka Mocheso o tšoanang.Ka Kakaretso, Libaktheria tse ngata ha li khone ho Hōla Haeba Ts'ebetso ea Metsi e Tlase ho Feta 0.91.Haeba Ts'ebetso ea Metsi e ka tlase ho 0.80, hlobo e ngata e ke ke ea khona ho hola le eona.
Ho Bohlokoa Haholo Ho Laola Mongobo oa Sehlahisoa Nakong ea Ts'ebetso ea Ho Omisa Lijo tsa Pet.Mohlala, ha Mongobo oa Sehlahisoa o Omisitsoe Ho tloha ho 25% ho isa ho 10%, 200kg ea Metsi e tlameha ho fetoloa mouoane ho hlahisa 1000kg ea lijo tse omileng, mme ha mongobo o omisitsoe ho tloha ho 25% ho isa ho 12%, hoa hlokahala ho hlahisa 1000kg. Lijo tse omisang lijo li hloka feela ho fetoha mouoane 173kg ea metsi.Lijo tse ngata tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng li omisitsoe ka li-Circular Conveyor Dryers.
03: Melemo ea Lijo tsa Liphoofolo tse Khabisitsoeng Hantle
Ntle le Melemo ea ho Palatability e Ntle, Lijo tsa Liphoofolo tse Khanyang le tsona li na le Letoto la Melemo e meng:
① Thempereichara e phahameng, khatello e phahameng, mongobo o phahameng le litlamorao tse fapaneng tsa ts'ebetso ea ho butsoa ha lijo li ka eketsa haholo tekanyo ea gelatinization ea starch lijong, ho senya protheine e ho eona, le ho senya lipase tse hlahisoang ke likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng ka nako e le 'ngoe. Etsa Hore Mafura a Tsitse Haholo.Ho Molemo ho Ntlafatsa Tšimoloho ea Liphoofolo le Sekhahla sa Tšebeliso ea Lijo.
②Mocheso o Phahameng le khatello e phahameng ea thepa e tala ka kamoreng ea extrusion e ka bolaea mefuta e fapaneng ea likokoana-hloko tse fupereng ka har'a thepa e tala, e le hore lijo li ka kopana le litlhokahalo tse nepahetseng tsa bohloeki le ho thibela mafu a fapaneng a tšilo ea lijo a bakoang ke ho fepa.
③Extrusion le Puffing Li ka Hlahisa Lihlahisoa tsa Granular tsa libopeho tse fapaneng, joalo ka Lijo tsa Katse li ka hlahisoa ka Sebopeho sa Litlhapi, Lijo tsa Ntja li ka hlahisoa ka Sebopeho se Senyane sa Lesapo, se ka Ntlafatsang Takatso ea Liphoofolo Tse Ruuoang lapeng.
④ Ts'ebeliso ea Lijo e ka ntlafala ka ho hema, 'me tatso ea lijo le monko oa lijo li ka ntlafatsoa, e leng ea bohlokoa haholo ho lintja le likatse tseo litho tsa tsona tsa tšilo ea lijo li e-so ntlafatsoe.
⑤Likahare tsa Metsi a Lijo tse Omileng tsa Pellet Ke 10% -12% Feela, Tse ka Bokelloang Nako e telele Ntle le ho Baka hlobo.
04: Phello ea Extrusion Ho Digestibility Ea Limatlafatsi
Ts'ebetso ea Extrusion ea Lijo tsa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng e na le tšusumetso e kholo ho tšileng ha limatlafatsi tse fapaneng, haholoholo starch, protheine, mafura le livithamini.
Starch e kenella ka har'a gelatinization tlas'a ts'ebetso e kopaneng ea mocheso o phahameng, khatello e phahameng le mongobo nakong ea ho futhumatsa le ho fetella.Mokhoa o Khethehileng ke hore starch e ka har'a motsoako oa phofo e qala ho monya metsi ebe e qhibiliha ho tsoa ho mouoane, ebe e lahleheloa ke sebopeho sa mantlha sa kristale.Nakong ea Ts'ebetso ea Extrusion, ka Keketseho e Eketsehileng ea Mongobo, Mocheso le Khatello, Phello ea ho Ruruha ea Starch e Eketsehile le ho feta, 'me ho isa bohōleng bo itseng, li-granules tsa starch li qala ho phatloha,' me ka nako ena, starch e qala ho hlahisa metsi.Ha Thepa e Atolositsoeng e Atolosoa Ka Ntle ho Lefu, hobane Khatello e Theohela Hanghang ho Khatello ea Sepakapaka, Starch Granules e phatloha Haholo, 'me tekanyo ea Gelatinization le eona e Eketseha Haholo.Thempereichara le Khatello Ts'ebetsong ea Extrusion li ama Ka ho Otloloha Tekanyo ea Gelatinization Of Starch.Mercier Et Al.(1975) E Fumane Hore Ha Metsi a Likahare a ne a le 25%, The Optimum Katoloso Mocheso oa Cornstarch E ne e le 170-200oc.Ka har'a mefuta ena, The In Vitro Digestibility Of Starch Ka mor'a Gelatinization e ka fihla ho 80%.Ha ho Bapisoa le The Digestibility Pele Ho Katoloso (18%) E Eketsehile Haholo Ka 18%.Chiang Et Al.(1977) E Fumane Hore Tekanyo ea Starch Gelatinization E Eketsehile ka Keketseho ea Mocheso ka Bophara ba 65-110oc, Empa tekanyo ea Starch Gelatinization e Fokotse ka Keketso ea Ho Fepa Lebelo.
Ts'ebetso ea Boemo ba Mouoane le Extrusion e boetse e na le Tšusumetso e Bohlokoa ho Digestibility ea Protheine, 'me Tloaelo e Akaretsang ke ho etsa hore protheine e fetohe ka tsela e molemo ho tšilo ea liphoofolo.Tlas'a Ts'ebetso ea Mouoane le Khatello ea Mechini, protheine e fetoloa ho theha Granules, 'me ho qhibiliha ha metsi hoa fokotseha.Lintho tse phahameng tsa protheine, ke moo ho qhibiliha ha metsi hoa fokotseha.
Gelatinization ea starch e boetse e na le phello e kholo ho qhibiliha ha metsi ho protheine.Setache sa Gelatinized se Etsa Sebopeho sa Membrane e Koahelehang ho Pota Protheine, e Lebisang Phokotsong ea Protheine e qhibilihang ka Metsing.
Ka mor'a hore Protheine e Atolosoe, Sebopeho sa eona se boetse sea fetoha, 'me Sebopeho sa eona sa Quaternary se Senyehile ho ba Sebopeho se Phahameng kapa sa Sekondari, se khutsufatsang Haholo Nako ea Hydrolysis ea Protheine nakong ea Tšilo.Leha ho le joalo, Glutamic Acid Kapa Aspartic Acid Ka hare ho Protheine e tla itšoara ka Lysine, e fokotsang sekhahla sa tšebeliso ea lysine.Karabelo ea Maillard Pakeng tsa Sehlopha sa ε-Amino sa Amino Acids le Tsoekere ka Lithempereichara tse Holimo E boetse e Fokotsa Tšebeliso ea Liprotheine.Lintho tse khahlanong le phepo e nepahetseng ka thepa e tala, joalo ka Antitrypsin, le tsona li senyehile ha li futhumatsoa, e leng se ntlafatsang tšilo ea protheine ka liphoofolo tse tsoang karolong e 'ngoe.
Nakong ea Ts'ebetso eohle ea Tlhahiso, Liprotheine tse ka har'a Lijo ha li fetohe, 'me Matla a Amino Acids ha a Fetohe Haholo.
Nako ea poso: Mar-02-2023